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درباره این کتاب:
Wild animals
have been housed in zoos and aquariums for
5,000 years, fascinating people living in
virtually every society. Today, these
institutions are at a new milestone in
their history. This second edition of Zoo
and Aquarium History takes the reader on a
journey through the transition of private
collections to menageries, to zoos, then
zoological gardens, and more recently
conservation centers and sanctuaries.
Under the direction of Vernon N. Kisling,
an expert in zoo history, an international
team of authors has thoroughly updated the
only comprehensive, global history of
animal collections, menageries, zoos, and
aquariums. The resulting book documents
the continuum of efforts in maintaining
wild animal collections from ancient
civilizations through today, explaining
how modern zoos have developed their
mission statements around the core aims of
conservation, education, research and
recreation. This new edition pulls
together regional information, including
new chapters on zoological gardens of
Canada, Latin America, China, Israel, the
Middle East, and New Zealand, along with
the cultural aspects of each region to
provide a foundation upon which further
research can be based. It presents a
chronological listing of the world's zoos
and aquariums and features many
never-before published photographs.
Sidebars present supplementary information
on pertinent personalities, events, and
wildlife conservation issues. The original
Appendix has been expanded to include over
1,200 zoos and aquariums, providing an
invaluable resource. This is an extensive,
chronological introduction to the subject,
highlighting the published and archival
resources for those who want to know more.
■ در این کتاب چه
میخوانیم:
Chapter 1
Ancient Collections and Menageries
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Keeping Wild Animals
1.2.1 Environmental Knowledge
1.2.2 Domestication of Wild Animals
1.2.3 Beyond Domestication—Collecting Wild
Animals
1.3 Ancient Collections
1.3.1 Mesopotamian Collections
1.3.2 Ancient Egyptian Collections
1.3.3 Ancient Asian Collections—India and
China
1.3.4 Greek and Roman Collections
1.3.5 Persian and Arab Collections
1.3.6 Medieval Collections
1.3.7 Aztec and Inca Collections
1.4 Menageries
1.4.1 European Menageries
1.4.2 Colonial Menageries
1.4.3 Evolution of the Zoo and Aquarium
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 2 Zoological Gardens of Great
Britain and Ireland
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tower of London
2.3 Exeter ‘Change
2.4 Zoological Society of London
2.5 The 1830s Proliferation
2.6 Edinburgh Zoo
2.7 Paignton, Chester, Dudley Zoos
2.8 Bird Gardens
2.9 Jersey
2.10 The 1960s Zoo Boom
2.11 Blackpool, Marwell, Belfast Zoos
2.12 Dublin Zoo
2.13 Victorian Aquarium Craze to a New
Aquarium Age
2.14 The Anti-Zoo Era and a New Millennium
References
Chapter 3 Zoological Gardens of Western
Europe
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Post-Medieval Collections to Modern
Zoos
3.2.1 Game Parks, Falconries and
Pheasantries
3.2.2 Deer Moats, Bear Pits and Lion Cages
3.2.3 Menageries
3.2.4 Transition from Menagerie to Modern
Zoo—Schönbrunn and Berlin
3.2.5 Transition from Menagerie to Modern
Zoo—Jardin des Plantes
3.3 Early Modern Zoos
3.3.1 The Exotic Style and the Systematic
Zoo
3.3.2 The Hagenbeck Revolution
3.4 Modern Zoos
3.4.1 Zoos of the Early Twentieth Century
3.4.2 Zoos of the Late Twentieth Century
3.5 Western European Zoological Gardens in
the Twenty-First Century
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 4 Zoological Gardens of Eastern
Europe and Russia
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Poland
4.2.1 Wild Animal Keeping in Poland
through the Nineteenth Century
4.2.2 Origin of Modern Polish Zoos to 1939
4.2.3 Polish Zoos during and after World
War II
4.2.4 General Characteristics and Comments
on Polish Zoos
4.3 Russia
4.3.1 Wild Animal Keeping in Russia
through the Nineteenth Century
4.3.2 Origin of Modern Zoos in Russia to
1917
4.4 Soviet Union
4.4.1 Soviet Zoos—Political and Economic
Realities
4.4.2 Russian Zoos in the Soviet Union
4.4.3 Other Zoos in the Soviet Union
4.4.4 General Characteristics and Comments
on Soviet Zoos
4.5 Czech and Slovak Republics
4.6 Hungary
4.7 Bulgaria
4.8 Eastern European and Russian
Zoological Gardens Evolve
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 5 Zoological Gardens of the United
States
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century
Menageries
5.3 Nineteenth-Century Zoos and Aquariums
5.4 Twentieth-Century Zoos and Aquariums
5.5 Charting a New Course for the
Twenty-First Century
5.5.1 Focusing on Mission
5.5.2 Growing Great Leaders
5.5.3 Raising the Bar on Animal Care and
Conservation
5.5.4 Powering Up through Philanthropy and
Partnerships
5.5.5 The Future
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 6 Zoological Gardens of Canada
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Origins—Acclimatization to
Entertainment, 1847–1950
6.3 Development—Frivolity to Maturity,
1950–2000
6.4 The Twenty-First Century—Reflection
and Conservation
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 7 Zoological Gardens of Australia
and New Zealand
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Foundation and Development, 1857–1920
7.2.1 Origins
7.2.2 Enclosure Design
7.2.3 The Animal Collections
7.2.4 Early Development of the Four
Objectives
7.2.5 Visitors
7.3 Survival, 1920–1960
7.3.1 Enclosure Design and the Animal
Collection
7.3.2 Hallstrom and Taronga Zoo
7.3.3 Survival of the Four Objectives
7.4 Modernization, 1960–1999
7.4.1 Modernization of the Four Objectives
7.4.2 Visitors
7.5 A New Age for Australia and New
Zealand Zoological Gardens
References
Chapter 8 Zoological Gardens of the Middle
East
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Afghanistan
8.3 Cyprus
8.4 Iran
8.5 Iraq
8.6 Jordan
8.7 Kuwait
8.8 Oman
8.9 Saudi Arabia
8.10 Turkey
8.11 United Arab Emirates
8.12 Yemen
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 9 Zoological Gardens of Israel
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Early Zoos and Aquariums,
1930s–1940s
9.3 Israeli Zoos and Aquariums, 1950s–2020
References
Chapter 10 Zoological Gardens of Asia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 South Asia
10.2.1 Bangladesh
10.2.2 Bhutan
10.2.3 Nepal
10.2.4 Pakistan
10.2.5 Sri Lanka
10.3 Southeast Asia
10.3.1 Brunei
10.3.2 Cambodia
10.3.3 Laos
10.3.4 Malaysia
10.3.5 Myanmar
10.3.6 Philippines
10.3.7 Singapore
10.3.8 Thailand
10.3.9 Vietnam
10.4 Indonesia
10.4.1 Java
10.4.2 Sumatra
10.5 Korea
References
Chapter 11 Zoological Gardens of India
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ancients and Invaders
11.2.1 The Vedic Period—Spiritual and
Mystical Values
11.2.2 The Gupta and Mogul Periods
11.2.3 The European Period—Utilitarian or
Mechanistic Values
11.3 Nineteenth-Century Indian Zoos
11.3.1 Calcutta’s Wild Animal
Collections—Four Early Ones
11.3.2 Old Madras State Zoos
11.3.3 Kerala Trivandrum (Old Travancore
State) and Trichur Zoos
11.3.4 Sakkarbaug Zoo and the Gir Lions
11.3.5 Maharastra State and the Bombay Zoo
11.3.6 Princely Zoos
11.3.7 Old Mysore’s Zoos
11.3.8 Early Collections Not Normally
Mentioned
11.4 Twentieth-Century Indian Zoos
11.4.1 Modern Zoos and the National
Zoological Park
11.4.1.1 National Zoological Park
11.4.2 Indian Crocodile Project and
Specialist Zoos
11.5 Indian Zoos and Wildlife
11.5.1 Indian Board for Wildlife and
Wildlife Protection Act
11.5.2 Management of Zoos in India
11.6 The Future of Indian Zoos
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 12 Zoological Gardens of China
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Late Imperial China, 1644–1911
12.2.1 Palace and Temple Menageries
12.2.2 Imperial Game Parks and Early
Wildlife Conservation
12.2.3 The First Chinese Zoological
Gardens
12.3 Republic of China, 1912–1949
12.3.1 Zoological Gardens in an Era of
Turmoil
12.3.2 China’s First Aquariums
12.3.3 Enter the Panda
12.4 People’s Republic of China, 1949–2021
12.4.1 New Zoos for a New China
12.4.2 Rare Animal Breeding and Safari
Parks
12.4.3 New Aquariums and Marine Animal
Parks
12.5 Taiwan, 1895–2021
12.6 Trends and Prospects
References
Chapter 13 Zoological Gardens of Japan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Historical Overview
13.2.1 Pre-Restoration Era
13.2.2 The Emergence of Modern Zoos
13.2.3 World War II and Beyond
13.3 Institutional Overview
13.3.1 The Setting
13.3.2 Zoos
13.3.3 Aquariums
13.3.4 Traveling Menageries and Safari
Parks
13.3.5 Japanese Association of Zoological
Gardens and Aquariums
13.4 Administrative Overview
13.4.1 Governing Authorities
13.4.1.1 Staff
13.4.1.2 Sheltered Complacency
13.4.1.3 Publications
13.4.2 Marketing and Events
13.4.3 Philanthropy
13.4.4 Animals as Commodities
13.5 Animal Collections
13.5.1 Marveling at Giraffe
13.5.2 Animal News Makers
13.5.3 Exhibits
13.5.3.1 Insectariums
13.5.4 Breeding Programs
13.5.4.1 Native and Endemic Species
13.5.5 Research Activities
13.5.5.1 Conservation Activities
13.6 Internationalization and Cultural
Uniqueness
13.6.1 The Sakoku Factor
13.6.2 Environmental Awareness
13.6.3 Penchant for Group Acceptance
13.7 Sailing Uncharted Waters for Tomorrow
References
Chapter 14 Zoological Gardens of Africa
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Arab Republic of Egypt
14.2.1 Giza Zoological Gardens
14.2.2 Other Egyptian and Sudanese
Territory Zoos
14.3 Sub-Saharan Africa
14.3.1 Kenya
14.3.2 Republic of South Africa
14.3.3 Other African Nations
14.3.3.1 Malawi
14.3.3.2 Morocco
14.3.3.3 Mozambique
14.3.3.4 Ghana, Senegal and Nigeria
14.4 African Region
14.4.1 Malagasy Republic (Madagascar)
14.4.2 Mauritius
14.5 The Impossible Dream?
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 15 Zoological Gardens of Latin
America
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Brazil
15.2.1 Northern Regions
15.2.2 Center-West Region
15.2.3 Southern Regions
15.2.4 Parque Zoobotânico Museu Paraense
Emilio Goeldi
15.3 South America
15.3.1 Argentina
15.3.2 Bolivia
15.3.3 Colombia
15.3.4 Venezuela
15.4 Central America
15.5 The Future of Latin American Zoos and
Aquariums
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