Section I The Basic Requirements for Culture......Page 19
1 An Introduction to Arctic Charr......Page 21
Use of Arctic charr by indigenous peoples......Page 22
The Canadian Arctic fishery......Page 24
The Labrador fishery......Page 25
Greenland, Ireland, Great Britain, and European fisheries......Page 27
Development of Arctic charr aquaculture......Page 28
Production levels of cultured Arctic charr......Page 31
Geographic distribution......Page 34
Taxonomy......Page 35
Morphology: the outward appearance......Page 37
Anadromous form......Page 39
Resident form......Page 42
Morphs......Page 43
Growth, size, and age at maturity......Page 45
Matters of fecundity......Page 49
Behavior: aggression, shoaling, and inter-species competition......Page 51
Food habits......Page 53
Water: the environment of Arctic charr......Page 55
Incoming source water......Page 56
Rearing water......Page 57
Outflow water......Page 58
Oxygen......Page 59
Food intake and oxygen consumption......Page 61
Water temperature and daily patterns of oxygen consumption......Page 64
Carbon dioxide......Page 66
pH......Page 67
Ammonia-N......Page 68
Safe levels of ammonia......Page 69
Salinity, seawater tolerance, and smoltification......Page 71
Alkalinity and hardness......Page 73
Temperature......Page 74
Recommended temperatures......Page 75
Light......Page 76
Rearing densities......Page 77
Biological aspects: stress and disease-causing organisms......Page 78
Infectious disease and pathogens......Page 81
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)......Page 82
Furunculosis......Page 83
Bacterial kidney disease (BKD)......Page 84
Vibriosis......Page 85
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD)......Page 86
Metazoan parasites – tapeworms and roundworms......Page 87
Sea lice......Page 88
Swim bladder stress syndrome (SBSS)......Page 89
Summary......Page 90
Growth in Arctic charr......Page 92
Growth rate (R)......Page 93
Condition factor......Page 96
Food conversion ratio (FCR)......Page 97
Water temperature and its effect on growth......Page 99
Body size and growth......Page 100
Size variation, dominance, and growth......Page 101
Seasonal and daily rhythms in growth......Page 102
The effect of sexual maturation on growth and market size......Page 106
Compensatory growth......Page 109
Protein requirements......Page 110
Essential amino acids......Page 111
Lipid as an energy source......Page 112
Essential fatty acids......Page 113
Vitamin requirements......Page 115
Carotenoid pigments......Page 117
Levels of pigment required......Page 120
Prepared diets and manufactured feeds......Page 121
Investigations of Arctic charr diets......Page 122
The ideal Arctic charr diet......Page 124
Manufactured feeds for Arctic charr......Page 125
Feeding Arctic charr......Page 126
Setting daily ration levels......Page 127
Feed sizes......Page 128
Satiation, restricted, or compensatory feeding......Page 129
Spatial distribution and feeding frequency......Page 132
Feed delivery methods......Page 133
Feed monitoring......Page 135
Section II Husbandry......Page 137
The attributes for culture......Page 141
The Norwegian Hammerfest and Svalbard strains......Page 143
The Icelandic Grenlækur and Ölvesvatn strains......Page 144
The Canadian Nauyuk strain......Page 145
Potential for improving attributes of existing strains......Page 146
Heritability of growth-related traits......Page 148
Heritability of other traits......Page 149
Breeding strategies for improving commercial stocks......Page 150
The standard Arctic charr......Page 151
6 Brood Operations: Keeping Brood, Egg Collection, and Incubation......Page 154
The spawning window......Page 157
Ovulation and spermatogenesis......Page 158
Methods for sexing and assessing ripeness......Page 159
Sorting brood fish prior to spawning......Page 160
Careful handling of spawning fish......Page 162
Egg collection......Page 163
Management and organization of the egg-take......Page 164
Preparation of equipment for egg-take and incubation......Page 166
Anesthetizing Arctic charr brood......Page 167
Removing eggs......Page 169
Removing milt......Page 171
Loading incubation trays......Page 172
Egg incubation......Page 174
Effect of temperature on embryo development and mortality......Page 176
Monitoring egg development and inventory control......Page 177
Egg shocking and picking techniques......Page 178
Hatching......Page 179
Methods for receiving and transporting eyed ova......Page 180
From larval alevin to free-swimming fry......Page 182
Preparing the ponding environment......Page 185
First-feeding techniques......Page 188
Types and sizes of starter diets......Page 189
Methods for delivering starter diets......Page 190
Ponding tank maintenance: good health or mortality......Page 191
Into larger tanks: rearing fingerlings......Page 192
Light levels and photoperiod control......Page 193
Feeding fingerling Arctic charr......Page 194
Size-grading, sorting, and splitting Arctic charr lots......Page 196
Grading techniques......Page 197
From the hatchery to grow-out facilities......Page 199
Section III The Business of Production......Page 203
Different production strategies for on-growing......Page 205
Holding structures......Page 206
Stocking density for growing Arctic charr in lakes......Page 207
Stocking density when growing Arctic charr in tanks......Page 208
Production cycles......Page 210
Feeding strategies......Page 216
Ration size......Page 217
Feed delivery......Page 218
Diet......Page 219
Sorting and other fish husbandry practices......Page 220
Harvesting......Page 223
Pre-harvest preparation......Page 224
Harvesting methods......Page 225
Reaching sexual maturity before harvest......Page 226
Processing......Page 227
Marketing Arctic charr......Page 228
Quality in Arctic charr products......Page 229
Product forms best suited for Arctic charr......Page 230
Price of Arctic charr products......Page 232
Marketing strategies......Page 233
Distribution channels......Page 234
Capital costs......Page 237
Variable operating costs......Page 238
Profitability and contribution margin......Page 240
Market price and profitability......Page 242
Other variables......Page 244
Business management of commercial culture facilities......Page 245
Environmental monitoring......Page 248
Fish health management......Page 249
Water-quality monitoring......Page 251
Managing downstream water......Page 252
Importance of good mechanical systems management......Page 255
Emergency preparedness: alarms and back-up systems......Page 257
Production management......Page 259
The operations manual......Page 261
A final word......Page 262
Appendix: Protozoan and Metazoan Parasites of Wild and Cultured Arctic Charr......Page 263
Bibliography......Page 267