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Table
of contents :
1. The
Non-Vent Deep Sea 1.1 The Physical
Environment in the Deep Sea 1.2 The
Deep-Sea Fauna 1.3 Deep-Sea Diversity 1.4
Biogeography and Population Genetics 1.5
Biochemical and Physiological Adaptations
to the Deep-Sea Environment 1.6
Benthopelagic Coupling between Surface
Productivity and the Deep Sea 1.7 Rates of
Biological Processes in the Deep Sea 1.8
The Vent Contrast References 2. Geological
Setting of Hydrothermal Vents 2.1 What Are
Mid-Ocean Ridges? 2.1.1 How Spreading
Rates for Ridge Axes Are Determined 2.1.2
Spreading Rates 2.1.3 Segmentation 2.1.4
Magma Supply and Spreading Rate 2.2
Back-Arc and Fore-Arc Spreading Centers
2.3 Seamounts 2.4 Volcanic and Tectonic
Seafloor Features 2.4.1 Crustal Structure
2.4.2 Volcanic and Tectonic Fissures 2.4.3
Lava Lakes, Drainback Features, and Lava
Pillars 2.4.4 Axial Boundary Faults 2.4.5
Lava Flow Morphologies 2.4.6 Emplacement
of Lavas and the Time-Course of a Diking
Event 2.4.7 Lava Dating 2.5 Deep-Sea
Hydrothermal Fields 2.5.1 Missing Heat and
Hydrothermal Cooling at Ridge Crests 2.5.2
Sulfide Deposits Morphological Variations
Columnar Chimneys and Black Smokers White
Smokers Beehives and Flanges Complex
Sulfide Mounds Weathering of Seafloor
Sulfides Dimensions and Ages of Active
Hydrothermal Fields 2.5.3 Low-Temperature
Diffuse Flows 2.5.4 Sediment-Hosted
Hydrothermal Systems 2.5.5 Ophiolites
Appendix References 3. Chemical and
Physical Properties of Vent Fluids 3.1
Submarine Hydrothermal Circulation Cells:
High-Temperature Reaction Zones 3.2 Phase
Separation 3.3 Flow Rates, Transit Times,
and Temperature of Formation 3.4
End-Member Fluids 3.4.1 Composition Basic
Controls on Chemistry 3.4.2 Magmatic
Inputs 3.4.3 Evolution of Vent-Fluid
Chemistry 3.4.4 Back-Arc Fluid Chemistries
3.5 Thermal Radiation 3.6 Axial
Low-Temperature, Diffuse-Flow Chemistry
3.6.1 Flow Rates, Temperature, and
Temperature Variability 3.6.2 Silicate
3.6.3 Sulfide 3.6.4 Oxygen 3.6.5 Profiles
of Oxygen, Sulfide, Silicate, and
Temperature 3.6.6 Methane, Manganese, and
Iron 3.6.7 Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Compounds 3.7 Flank Low-Temperature Fluids
3.8 Global Fluxes and the Hydrothermal
Influence on Ocean Chemistry and Currents
References 4. Hydrothermal Plumes 4.1
Anatomy of a Black-Smoker Plume 4.1.1
Orifice 4.1.2 Buoyant Plume 4.1.3 Effluent
Layer 4.2 Megaplumes 4.3 Spatial and
Temporal Distributions of Plumes 4.3.1
Relationship between Plume Distributions
and Geophysical Parameters 4.4
Plume-Driven Mesoscale Circulation 4.4.1
Plume Vortices 4.4.2 Advection and
Downwelling 4.4.3 Basin-Scale Circulation
4.5 Diffuse-Flow Plumes References 5.
Microbial Ecology 5.1 Autotrophic
Organisms at Vents 5.1.1 Nomenclature
5.1.2 Aerobic and Anaerobic
Chemoautotrophy at Vents Methanotrophy
5.1.3 Carbon Dioxide Fixation 5.1.4
Mixotrophy 5.1.5 Net Chemoautotrophic
Production in Free-Living
Hydrothermal-Vent Microorganisms
Alternatives to Chemoautotrophy Organic
Thermogenesis Hypothesis Detrital Thermal
Alteration Hypothesis 5.2 Ecology of
Free-Living Microorganisms 5.2.1 Microbial
Habitats 5.2.2 Hyperthermophiles and
Superthermophiles Flange Microbial Ecology
and the Archaea Microorganisms in
Black-Smoker Fluids The "Endeavour Model"
The Subsurface Biosphere 5.2.3 Plume
Microbiology 5.2.4 Suspended Microbial
Populations 5.2.5 Microbial Community
Composition Dominance of a Single
Bacterial Phylotype at a Mid-Atlantic
Ridge Vent Diversity and Community
Structure in Microbial Mats, Loihi
Seamount Sulfur-Oxidizing Heterotrophs at
Vents 5.2.6 Bacterial Blooms 5.2.7
Microbial Mats 5.2.8 The Link between
Chemoautotrophic and Photosynthetic
Processes 5.3 A Search for In Situ
Bacterial Photosynthesis 5.4 Microbial
Genesis of Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
5.5 Microbial Exploitation of Particulate
Sulfides 5.6 Biotechnology References 6.
Symbiosis 6.1. Discovery 6.1.1 Sustenance
of Gutless Tubeworms 6.1.2 Endosymbiotic
Bacteria in Vent Mollusks 6.1.3
Episymbionts 6.2 Methanotrophic Symbioses
6.2.1 Dual Symbioses 6.2.2 Methanotrophs
in Sponges 6.3 Adaptive Characteristics of
Symbiosis 6.4 Host Nutrition 6.4.1
Digestive Enzymes 6.5 Symbiont Phylogeny
6.5.1 Endosymbiont Phylogeny and Host
Fidelity 6.5.2 Episymbiont Phylogeny 6.6
Symbiont Acquisition References 7.
Physiological Ecology 7.1 Novel Metabolic
Demands 7.2 Riftia pachyptila 7.2.1
Anatomy of a Tubeworm 7.2.2 The Tubeworm
Environment 7.2.3 Adaptations for Carbon
Uptake and Transport in Riftia pachyptila
Host Respiratory Inorganic Carbon
Environmental Sources of Inorganic Carbon
and the Role of Carbonic Anhydrase pH
Regulation Carbon Transport Inorganic
Carbon Capacity Carbon Fixation Rates
7.2.4 Sulfide Sulfide Toxicity Sulfide
Uptake and Transport Coupling of Sulfide
Detoxification and Energy Exploitation
7.2.5 Oxygen 7.2.6 Nitrogen Nitrate
Respiration 7.3 Seep Vestimentiferans and
Methanotrophic Pogonophorans 7.4 Vent and
Seep Bivalve-Mollusk Symbioses 7.4.1
Calyptogena magnified 7.4.2 Bathymodiolid
Mussels Bathymodiolus thermophilus
Methanotrophic Mussels 7.4.3 Other Mollusk
Symbioses 7.5 Physiological Ecology of
Episymbiont-Invertebrate Associations
7.5.1 Alvinella pompejana 7.6 Sulfide
Detoxification 7.7 Growth Rates 7.8
Thermal Adaptations 7.8.1 Indices of
Thermal Tolerance and Adaptation Thermal
Tolerance in Alvinellid Species 7.9 Heavy
Metals and Petroleum Hydrocarbons 7.10
Sensory Adaptations 7.10.1 Novel
Photoreceptors in Vent Shrimp 7.10.2
Chemoreception References 8. Trophic
Ecology 8.1 The Food Web 8.1.1 The Rose
Garden Food Web 8.2 Biological Sleuthing:
Biomarker Assays 8.2.1 Stable Isotope
Techniques Notation Stable Isotope
Evidence for the Role of Free-Living
Microorganisms in Vent Food Webs 8.2.2
Fatty Acids, Sterols, and Carotenoids
Fatty-Acid Nomenclature Fatty-Acid
Biomarkers Comparison of Lipid
Characteristics of Tubeworms (Riftia
pachyptila), Mussels (Bathymodiolus
thermophilus), and Amphipods (Halice
hesmonectes) on the East Pacific Rise
Essential Fatty Acids Lipid-Condition
Indices Sterols Carotenoids 8.3 Integrated
Approaches to Trophic Ecology 8.3.1
Trophic Ecology of Vent Mussels,
Bathymodiolus thermophilus 8.3.2 Trophic
Ecology of Vent Shrimp, Rimicaris
exoculata, and an Anecdote about Who Eats
Them 8.4 Export of Chemosynthetic
Production from Vents References 9.
Reproductive Ecology 9.1 Gametogenesis
9.1.1 Evidence for Synchronous
Gametogenesis Environmental Cues Recruited
Synchrony 9.1.2 Evidence for Asynchronous
Gametogenesis Release of Gametes and
Larvae Riftia pachyptila Bythograea sp.
Calyptogena soyae 9.2 Larval Development
9.2.1 Vestimentifera 9.2.2 Bathymodiolid
Mussels 9.2.3 Bythograeid Crabs 9.2.4
Alvinocarid Shrimp 9.3 Larval Dispersal
and Retention 9.3.1 Alvinellid Dispersal
Model 9.3.2 Plume Dispersal 9.3.3
Megaplume Dispersal 9.3.4 Mesoscale Flows
9.3.5 Dispersal by Non-Larval Stages 9.4
Settlement Cues 9.5 Recruitment Appendix
References 10. Community Dynamics 10.1 The
Early Work 10.2 Dynamic Succession at
Northeast Pacific Vents 10.2.1
High-Resolution Time-Series Studies on the
Juan de Fuca Ridge 10.3 Community Dynamics
on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 10.4 Eruptions
10.4.1 The 9°N Event 10.4.2 The CoAxial
Event 10.4.3 Sweepstakes versus
Predictable Sequences References 11.
Evolution and Biogeography 11.1 Origins of
Vent Fauna 11.1.1 Immigrants from the
Surrounding Deep Sea 11.1.2 Immigrants
with Close Shallow-Water Relatives 11.1.3
Vent Taxa Shared with Other Chemosynthetic
Ecosystems Taxonomic Position and Origin
of the Vestimentifera 11.1.4 Vent Taxa
Shared with Both Other Chemosynthetic
Ecosystems and Nonchemosynthetic Habitats
11.1.5 Specialized Taxa Found Only at
Hydrothermal Vents 11.1.6 The "Ancient"
Taxa Ancient Barnacles Ancient Mollusks
11.1.7 The Newman and McLean Hypothesis of
Relict Vent Faunas Hickman's
Counterhypothesis 11.2 Fossil Vent
Communities 11.3 Vent Ecosystems as
Refuges from Major Planetary Extinction
Events 11.4 Species Diversity 11.5
Taxonomic Cautionary Tales 11.5.1 Cryptic
Species 11.5.2 Phenotypic Plasticity
11.5.3 Ontogenetic Stages 11.6
Biogeography 11.6.1 Pacific Biogeographic
Patterns Missing Mussels {Bathymodiolus
thermophilus) Centers of Diversity along
Linear Arrays of Habitat North America as
a Biogeographical Barrier Mariana
Hydrothermal-Vent Fauna 11.6.2
Paleotectonic Controls on the Atlantic
Vent Fauna 11.6.3 Similarities among
Global Vent Biogeographic Provinces 11.6.4
Biogeography of Fast- versus
Slow-Spreading Centers 11.6.5 Physical
Oceanography and Bathymetry The Romanche
Fracture Zone 11.6.6 Shallow-Water Vents
11.7 Gene Flow and Genetic Diversity
References 12. Cognate Communities 12.1
Atlantic Sites 12.1.1 Florida Escarpment
(Gulf of Mexico) 12.1.2 Louisiana Slope
Hydrocarbon and Brine Seeps (Gulf of
Mexico) 12.1.3 The Laurentian Fan 12.1.4
Barbados Subduction Zone 12.1.5 North Sea
Pockmarks 12.1.6 Skagerrak Methane Seep
12.1.7 The Francois Vieljeux 12.1.8 Coral
Reefs 12.2 Pacific Sites 12.2.1 Cascadia
Subduction Zone 12.2.2 Western Pacific
Subduction Zones Kaiko Project Sagami Bay
12.2.3 Peruvian Subduction Zone 12.2.4
Monterey Canyon 12.2.5 Northern California
Methane Hydrate Field 12.2.6 Guaymas Basin
Transform Margin Seeps 12.2.7
Shallow-Water Hydrocarbon Seeps 12.2.8
British Columbia Fjords 12.2.9 Aleutian
Subduction Zone 12.3 Whale Skeletons 12.4
Fossil Seeps References 13. Hydrothermal
Systems and the Origin of Life 13.1
Earth's Early Environment 13.2 Evolution
of Hydrothermal Systems 13.3 Heterotrophic
versus Chemosynthetic Hypotheses for the
Origin of Life 13.4 Evidence for
Thermophilic, Autotrophic Ancestors 13.4.1
Wachterhauser's Outline for the Origin and
Evolution of Life 13.4.2 Synthesis of
Organic Compounds in Hydrothermal Systems
13.5 Extraterrestrial Hydrothermal Systems
and the Search for Life in Outer Space
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