Chapter 1 Aquaculture Nutrition: An Overview
Introduction
1.1 A Brief Overview of Fish Nutrition
1.1.1 Protein
1.1.2 Lipids
1.1.3 Vitamins and Minerals
1.2 Nutrition in Tropical Aquaculture
1.2.1 Feeds in Aquaculture
1.2.2 Feeds and the Environment
1.2.3 Sustainable Approaches to Aquaculture
1.3 Diet Formulation and Processing
1.4 Diet Manufacturing Processes
1.5 Aquaculture Diets and their Effects on Product Quality
1.5.1 Appearance
1.5.2 Texture and Taste
1.5.3 Fillet Composition
1.5.4 Storage Quality
1.5.5 Food Safety
1.6 Aquaculture Nutrition: Turning Challenges into Opportunities
1.6.1 Challenges
1.6.2 Possible Strategies
References
Chapter 2 The Gut Microbiota of Fish
Introduction
2.1 The Importance of the Microbiota
2.1.1 Physiological Roles of Gut Microbiota
2.1.2 Other Functions Related to Energy Homeostasis
2.2 Composition of Fish Gut Microbiome
2.3 Structure of the Fish Gut Microbiota
2.4 Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiota
2.4.1 Host Selection
2.4.2 Diet
2.4.3 Environmental Factors
2.4.4 Antibiotics and Chemicals
References
Chapter 3 Probiotic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota of Fish
Introduction
3.1 Benefits of Probiotics in Aquaculture
3.1.1 Growth-Promoting Effects of Probiotics in Aquaculture
3.1.2 Immunomodulatory effects of Probiotics in Fish
3.1.3 Disease Prevention and Control in Aquaculture using Probiotics
3.1.4 Probiotics as a Sustainable Alternative to Antibiotics in Aquaculture
3.1.5 Probiotics and Gut Health of Fish in Aquaculture
3.1.6 Probiotics and Stress Tolerance in Fish in Aquaculture
3.1.7 Probiotics and Water Quality in Aquaculture
3.1.8 Probiotics and Feed Utilization Efficiency in Fish in Aquaculture
3.1.9 Probiotics and Reproductive Performance in Fish in Aquaculture
3.2 Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics in Modulating the Gut Microbiota of Fish
3.2.1 Role of Probiotics in Modulating the Gut Microbiota of Fish
3.2.2 Effect of Probiotics on the Immune Response of Fish via Gut Microbiota Modulation
3.2.3 Mechanisms of action of Probiotics in Promoting Growth and Development of Fish
3.2.4 Probiotics and their effect on the Production and Regulation of Digestive Enzymes in Fish
3.2.5 The Impact of Probiotics on the Gut Barrier Function in Fish
3.2.6 Probiotics and their role in Promoting Nutrient Absorption in Fish
3.2.7 The effect of Probiotics on the Gut Microbiota of Fish Under Stress Conditions
3.2.8 The role of probiotics in the prevention of pathogen colonization in the gut of fish
3.2.9 The interaction between the host and gut microbiota modulated by probiotics in fish
3.3 Effects of Probiotics on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization in Fish
3.3.1 The impact of different Strains of Probiotics on the Growth Performance of Fish
3.3.2 Effects of Probiotics on Nutrient Utilization Efficiency in Fish
3.3.3 The relationship between Probiotics and Feed Conversion Ratio in Aquaculture
3.3.4 The use of Probiotics to enhance Protein Digestibility in Fish Diets
3.3.5 The Effect of Probiotics on Gut Morphology and Digestive Enzyme Activities in Fish
3.3.6 Multi-strain Probiotics in Promoting Growth Performance and Feed Utilization in Fish
3.3.7 The Influence of Probiotics on Appetite Regulation and Feeding Behavior in Fish
3.4 Probiotics in the Nutrition and Health of Ornamental Fish
3.4.1 Probiotics on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Ornamental Fish
3.4.2 Probiotics as a Stress Management Tool in Ornamental Fish
3.4.3 Probiotics and their Potential in Enhancing the Coloration of Ornamental Fish
3.4.4 Probiotics in Reducing Water Pollution and improving Water Quality in Ornamental Fish
3.4.5 Probiotics on the Behavior and Feeding Habits of Ornamental Fish
3.4.6 Probiotics in Reducing Mortality Rates and increasing survival in Ornamental Fish
3.4.7 Probiotics as an Alternative to Antibiotics in the Management of Bacterial Infections in Ornamental Fish
References
Chapter 4 Probiotic Applications in ColdWater Fish Species
Introduction
4.1 Probiotic Applications in ColdWater Fish Species
4.1.1 How do Fish Survive in Cold Water?
4.1.2 How Cold of Water Can Betta Fish Live In?
4.1.3 How to Keep a Cold Water Fish Tank Clean
4.1.4 What Do I Need for a Cold Water Fish Tank?
4.2 Coldwater Fish Types
4.2.1 Quite messy fish, need a large tank and a good filter
4.2.2 Bottom feeding fish, not suitable for ponds
4.2.3 Messy fish that need a large tank and a good filter
4.3 Salmonidae
4.3.1 Evolution of Salmonidae
4.3.2 Classification
4.3.3 Salmonidae—Salmons and Trouts
4.3.4 An Entire Family of Polyploids: Salmonidae
4.4 Gadidae
4.4.1 Distribution
4.4.2 Genera and Species
4.5 Pleuronectiformes
4.5.1 General Features
4.5.2 Natural History: Reproduction
4.5.3 Classification
4.5.4 Percidae
References
Chapter 5 Probiotic Applications in Temperate and Warm Water Fish Species
Introduction
5.1 European Sea Bass
5.1.1 Growth and Stress Tolerance
5.1.2 Effects of Probiotics on European Sea Bass Immune System
5.2 Gilthead Sea Bream
5.2.1 Survival, Growth and Stress Tolerance
5.2.2 Effects on the Sea Bream Immune System
5.3 Probiotic Applications In Sole
5.3.1 Effects on Growth
5.3.2 Effects on Survival and the Immune System
5.4 Groupers
5.4.1 Effects of Probiotics on Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus Coioides)
5.4.2 Effects of probiotic on kelp grouper (Epinephelus Bruneus)
5.4.3 Effects of Probiotic on Leopard Grouper (Mycteroperca Rosacea)
5.5 Tilapia
5.5.1 Effects of Probiotics on Tilapia Growth Performance
5.5.2 Effects of Probiotics on Tilapia Immunity and Disease Resistance
5.6 Carps
5.6.1 Effects of Probiotics on Carp Growth
5.6.2 Carp Immunity and Disease Resistance
5.7 Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)
5.7.1 Zebrafish Immunity and Disease Resistance Studies
References
Chapter 6 Probiotic Applications in Crustaceans
Introduction
6.1 Probiotics in Crustacean Aquaculture
6.1.1 Probiotics used in Biofloc System for Fish and Crustacean Culture
6.1.2 Importance of Microbial Communities in Aquaculture
6.1.3 Probiotics Used in Aquaculture
6.1.4 Biofloc Culture System
6.1.5 Bacteria Identified in Biofloc
6.1.6 Probiotics Addition to Biofloc Systems
6.2 Probiotic Applications in Crustaceans
6.2.1 Probiotics as Feed Additive
6.2.2 Probiotics as Water Additive
6.3 Probiotics Mechanism of Action
6.3.1 Competitive Inhibition of Pathogenic Bacteria
6.3.2 Source of Nutrients and Enzymatic Contribution to Digestion
6.3.3 Influence on Water Quality
6.3.4 Enhancement of the Immune Response
6.3.5 Antimicrobial Activity
References
Chapter 7 Prebiotics in Finfish Aquaculture
Introduction
7.1 Prebiotics
7.1.1 Modes of Action
7.2 Salmonidae
7.2.1 Atlantic Salmon
7.2.2 Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis)
7.3 Gadoids
7.4 Acipenseridae
7.4.1 Beluga
7.4.2 Siberian Sturgeon
7.5 Cyprinidae
7.5.1 Common Carp
7.5.2 Crucian Carp
7.5.3 Gibel Carp
7.5.4 Indian Carp
7.5.5 Koi Carp
7.5.6 Goldfish
7.5.7 Golden Shiner
7.5.8 Other Cyprinidae
7.6 Synbiotics
References
Chapter 8 Prebiotic Applications in Shellfish
Introduction
8.1 Use of Prebiotics in Shellfish Aquaculture
8.1.1 Mannanoligosaccharides
8.1.2 Fructooligosaccharides
8.1.3 Isomaltooligosaccharides
8.1.4 Xylooligosaccharides
8.1.5 Inulins
8.1.6 Other Prebiotics
8.2 Prebiotic Benefits
8.2.1 Growth and Survival
8.2.2 Immunomodulation and Disease Resistance
8.2.3 GI Microbiota
8.2.4 GI Morphology and Digestion
References
Chapter 9 Live Feeds: Microbial Assemblages, Probiotics and Prebiotics
Introduction
9.1 Bacterial Aspects of Live Feed
9.1.1 Microalgae
9.1.2 Rotifers
9.1.3 Artemia
9.1.4 Copepods
9.2 Bacterial Control of Live Feed Cultures
9.3 Enrichment of Live Feed and Microbial Implications
9.4 Probiotics in Live Feed Production
9.4.1 Probiotics in microalgae
9.4.2 Probiotics in Rotifers
9.4.3 Probiotics in Artemia
9.4.4 Probiotics in Copepods
9.5 Bioencapsulation of Probiotics in Live Food and Delivery to Larvae
9.5.1 Bioencapsulation of Probiotics in Microalgae
9.5.2 Bioencapsulation of Probiotics in Rotifers and Artemia
9.6 Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Live Feed